Analog ICs Operational Amplifiers Buffer Amplifiers Analog Devices

An electrical or electronic amplifier is a circuit that uses an external power supply to generate an output signal that is a larger replica of its input. An audio amplifier (an easily recognizable application) is used to increase the volume of a speaker’s voice so they can be heard more easily in large areas.

Amplifiers are classified by linearity and efficiency. A class A amplifier is the most linear (but least efficient) type of amplifier. Other common amplifier classes include B, AB, C, and D in order of decreasing linearity and increasing efficiency.

Products Function

An amplifier (or electronic amplifier) is a device that increases the amplitude of an electrical signal. They are categorized in respect to their ability to effectively amplify either a voltage or current input signal. A voltage amplifier amplifies the input voltage signals and produces a larger output voltage. Current amplifiers, also known as trans-impedance amplifiers, sense the currents at the inputs and output a voltage to the load. Transconductance and trans resistance amplifiers swap this effect – an input voltage or current produces a larger output current or voltage respectively.

One key performance parameter of an electronic amplifier is its linearity, or its ability to accurately represent the input with the same shape signal in the time domain at the output. Other key performance parameters include the slew rate, frequency response, noise, and gain bandwidth.

How are amplifiers classified?

Amplifiers are classified as A, AB, B, C, D and E. The class represents the amount of variation an output signal has over one cycle if the input is a sinusoidal waveform. The more linear an amplifier is, the lower the distortion product. Class A is the most linear and class C is the least linear. Class C is not suitable for audio applications and typically is used in products like RF transmitters. Classes D and E are switching amplifiers that can utilize output circuit stages containing harmonic resonators, multiple supply rail switching, complimentary output techniques, and PWM and delta-sigma modulation to increase efficiency and reconstruct the input waveform at the output.

Amplification can be done relative to ground (single-ended) or relative to another terminal (differential). The “operational amplifier,” commonly referred to as an op-amp is a special type of differential amplifier that has extremely high (theoretically infinite) gain. This allows it to be used in a negative feedback configuration with other electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors) to perform mathematical operations (hence ‘operational’). Apart from amplification, the op-amp can be configured to perform attenuation (lower output voltage), addition, subtraction, differentiation and integration.

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